Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group, Delhi is a motivational speaker and actively involved with social media and frequently shares useful articles / blogs. Below is one such. Readers are welcome to comment.

By: Rajat Chauhan

There are enough people out there, actually, almost everyone, who is betting against you. They don’t think you can ever succeed in anything in life. But there is only one person out there who should never, ever, give up on you and that’s YOU!

My favourite ‘sports’ are all events in track and fields. I know most of you wouldn’t even count it as a sport. I agree with that too. It’s actually not. It’s a way of life. Running, throwing and jumping is something that comes to us naturally. We as humans, have done all these activities pretty much from the very beginning.

Before I carry on with story, let me first explain the layout of 400 metre race. It’s one lap of the track. The inner most lane is called lane one, and as you go out, lane numbers keep increasing. The runner on the inner most lane stands back, where as the runner in the outside most lane stands way in front. This is because there are 4 turns in one loop of the track. The inner most is the shortest distance and the outside most is the largest distance. Since finish line is the same, the different start points negate the difference distance.

Also, you need to know that 400 metres is a bloody tough distance to race as you need to sprint for 400 metres. Not 60 or 100 metres. You need to pace yourself just right. If you start too quick, you’ll burn out too soon. But if you don’t, you see all others getting ahead of you. That’s such a tough one to work with.

Currently the IAAF World Championships are on in Moscow. The spectator turnout has been pathetic. Even before the games started, yet again sprinting got all the bad publicity because of doping. But in games like this, a story emerges, where it’s not the most popular, but the unassuming human being, that is a lesson for us all as a race.

Yesterday, Christine Ohuruogu did exactly that. Over previous two days, she had comfortably come first in quarter-finals and semi-finals. On both occasions pushing Natasha Hastings of US to second position. In the finals, Natasha was in the third lane. Christine was in the fourth. As I explained above, Natasha was effectively behind Christine. It was a slow start for Christine and Natasha was quick off the blocks. She caught up with Christine in first 80 metres alone. Now, that’s such a psychological blow because Christine had beaten hands down over last two days.

By now Amantle Montsho was the clear leader who looked all set to win the gold. It was no surprise as Amantle had run the fastest 400m in the world this year in 49.33 sec. As you see in the video above, Christine didn’t seem to have a chance of even getting the bronze 100 metres from the finish. When everyone had given up on her, including you, she picked up the pace for last 50 metres. Christine made a last second dip to catch up with Amantle. It was difficult to make out who had actually won. After the finish, Christine had resigned to her fate and was simply smiling, thinking the perfectly timed dip just wasn’t enough.

Soon it was announced that Christine had actually beaten Amantle by four thousandth of a second. Christine had an official finish time of 49.404 seconds as against Amantle’s 49.408 seconds.

Now, I love talking about Christine also because she had been my patient way back in 2005-2006 in London. I don’t get star struck. But when you meet someone who is just an amazing human being, you want them to succeed more than anything else. There were other athletes from the sprint squad who I was seeing then, but none of them came close to the shy Christine.

Sports is far beyond winning and the rat race. Soon enough no one remembers who won. It’s about who you are deep inside. Christine had to dig in really deep, to give it her best, as that’s all that matters. Thanks a million miles.

Mr. Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group, Delhi is actively involved with social media and frequently shares useful articles / blogs. Below is one such. Readers are welcome to comment.

By: Seema Singh

Barring a few lucky or enlightened ones who’ve learnt to slay this dragon, stress affects virtually everyone, in acute or chronic way, at some point in life. In this process, as the last 30 years of research shows, our brain is affected in many ways. One of the fascinating and evolving stories of stress is the contrasting effect it has in the two neighbouring parts of the brain —the hippocampus and the amygdala. It’s a story that is also, albeit very slowly, throwing crucial light on why most anti-depressants are not effective and why the world today is staring at a mental illness epidemic.

It’s been established that stress not only shrinks the hippocampus, the seat of factual memory and learning in the brain, in volume but even reduces synaptic plasticity, or long term potentiation (LTP). A synapse is a junction that allows a neuron to pass electrical signal to another neuron or any other cell. When there’s a rapid and long-lasting enhancement of the response of a synapse to one of its inputs, it is called LTP which allows spatial memories to be formed in the hippocampus.

Decreased hippocampal volume has been linked to cognitive deficits, which are common in post-traumatic stress disorders. In fact, a shrinking hippocampus is also a risk factor for the development of such disorders.

In all these years stress has been extensively studied to show that it impairs LTP in the hippocampus. Neurons themselves lose dendrites, synapses, and their capacity for LTP. Together these explain why following chronic stress factual memory and cognition decline.

But all these studies fail to explain why when everything (volume and synaptic plasticity) is going down in the hippocampus; emotional response and anxiety are going up in the neighbouring part of the brain, that is, the amygdala. While scientists understand the former, they have little clue about the latter. Now, in the 40th year of the publication of the landmark paper on LTP that transformed the understanding of memory and stress, neuroscientist Sumantra Chatterji and his colleagues at the National Centre for Biological Sciences in Bangalore provide some scientific evidence. The mystery of exaggerated emotional response in stress disorders rests in the electrical activity of amygdala, part of the brain which is responsible for anxiety, fear and aggression.

We have shown that the same LTP which reduces memory in the hippocampus gives rise to enhanced fear and anxiety in amygdala, says Chattarji. “The same plasticity mechanism that is shown to decrease in the hippocampus is seen to be going up in amygdala. We know that LTP is pivotal for forming fear memories and we show that LTP goes up in amygdala during stress.”

Looking at the basic cellular mechanism, the NMDA receptors — the molecular substrate that is responsible for LTP to happen — are seen to pass double the current in the amygdala. In their earlier work Chattarji and his colleagues have shown that stress creates new synapses in this part of the brain. This, again, is in contrast to the hippocampus where synapses are lost during stress. In experiments on animal models, Chattarji has showed that it’s the new synapses – formed during stress—that pass extra electrical current, not the old synapses.

It turns out the new synapses, or the silent synapses as they are called, are loaded with memory-making molecules or the NMDA receptors. If you look at the cells at rest, says Chattarji, you can’t tell any difference. But if the cells get activated, such as during the formation of fear memory, then the silent synapses open up and create stronger memories.

This explains why stress, which in most cases makes us forget facts of life, elicits strong, many times exaggerated, emotional response in us.

Chattarji is reporting his finding at a stellar Royal Society gathering in London on Dec 2-3. Scientists have gathered to celebrate, as it were, the 40th anniversary of the unraveling of the LTP. It is convened by Timothy Bliss, the scientist who discovered in the 1970s how a few seconds of high frequency electrical stimulation can increase synaptic transmission in the rabbit hippocampus for days. He published his landmark paper in 1973 in the Journal of Physiology.

It’d be fair to say Chattarji’s work turns the entire hippocampus-stress-memory framework on its head.

Much as neuroscience has advanced, the correlation of mice model to humans remains as relevant as it was decades ago, except of course that the models are getting more sophisticated. Nearly 95 percent of neurobiology research even today is based on rats and mice, he says. Even if you consider the current LTP contrast in hippocampus and amygdala, animal and human studies complement each other beautifully.

For the last 5-10 years, clinicians have seen through brain imaging that in stress disorder patients, while hippocampus becomes less active amygdala becomes hyperactive. But they did not have a molecular basis for that. “What they’ve seen in humans actually bears out in animals now. And the fact that nothing invasive can be done in humans, the two together can now explain the mystery,” says Chattarji.

Fascinating as this aspect of brain may be, the findings raise a very common sense challenge. How do you design a drug that does opposite things in two adjacent parts of the brain. The reality is most anti-depressants are developed with just one model—of the hippocampus—in mind. This also explains why in recent times the US and UK carry warning labels on the most popular anti-depressant drugs (the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs) like Prozac, Zoloft or Paxil because they create enhanced anxiety and suicidal tendencies in young patients, at least in the first few weeks of the treatment..

Chattarji, who in the last few years has made a systematic effort to bring psychiatrists closer to neuroscience by conducting week-end sessions at NCBS, says practitioners rarely care for the mounting scientific data and its implication in everyday practice. He says most clinicians are concerned about prescribing a drug and assuaging the symptoms of their patients rather than understanding how brain works and why their treatment may not be effective in the medium to long term.

It’ll take some time before the drug design community begins to take the double model—hippocampus and amygdala — into consideration. The world of psychiatric drugs has long rested on serendipity and marketing tactics, but this time the science looks convincing.

Mr. Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group, Delhi is actively involved with social media and frequently shares useful articles / blogs. Below is one such. Readers are welcome to comment.



Hindu Rituals and Religion

Religion

Religion is the highest need of mankind. Just as our body requires food for its sustenance our mind require religious experiences for providing us the right direction. It is believed to help us in leading the way to find God Almighty. We create God in our imagination as per geographic surroundings; therefore one religion is as true and right as another – in other words truly equal.

One God

Hindus believe in one god, Brahma, the absolute, who rules over the world with the aid of many other Gods – major being ‘Vishnu’, ‘Shiva’, and ‘Durga’. It therefore does not matter whether one worships anyone or all the three of them – ultimately one is worshiping the Supreme. As;

As water from different rivers and different raindrop is eventually assimilated with the water of ocean, similarly worship to any god is accepted by the supreme, Purna Brahma.

Rituals in Religion

Almost all the religions of the world have their own mythology, as they have their own rites and ceremonies. Just as a Sanyasi is not in need of any ritual, so is a pholosopher not in need of any mythology. But it is for the common people who are neither Sanyasis nor philosophers; there is a need for mythology as well as rituals. In fact mythology is a very useful part of religion, though not an essential part of it. It helps to concretize the abstract truth of philosophy.

A very important function of rituals is determined by its symbolism. Most of the rites we perform are intended for visualizing belief. Our gratitude to God is visualized by our offerings of flowers and other things on as altar. Our humble service to Him is visualized in the temple where He is hreated as an earthly king and highest honors are paid to Hi.

Rituals have obvious psychological function of providing an outlet for religious emotion. Like every emotion tries to seek an outlet in action it finds satisfaction in something that is done under its influence so is the religious emotion craves for expression and finds it in the prescribed ritual. Rituals have also a moral function. In fact, we may say that rituals in one sense are incipient morals. Almost every rite we perform is a lesson in self-control. It is the first step in that long process of the liberation of spirit from the thralldom of the flesh.

The most important subjective function of the rituals is what may be called its mystical function. Soul feel the mysterious presence of God.

Mr. Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group, Delhi is actively involved with social media and frequently shares useful articles / blogs. Below is one such. Readers are welcome to comment.

Morgan Spurlock sought to find out in his 2004 documentary Super Size Me. In his film, I was interviewed and spoke about the role McDonald’s food is playing in our epidemic of obesity and diabetes.

For 30 days, Spurlock ate only McDonald’s food. All of us involved in the film, including Spurlock’s doctors, were shocked at the amount that his health deteriorated in such a short time. Before the 30 days started, we each predicted what changes we expected to see in his weight, cholesterol levels, liver enzymes and other biomarkers, but every one of us substantially underestimated how severely his health would be jeopardized. It turned out that in the 30 days, the then 32-year-old man gained 25 pounds, his cholesterol levels rose dangerously as did fatty accumulations in his liver, and he experienced mood swings, depression, heart palpitations and sexual dysfunction.

Some have said Spurlock was an idiot for eating that way, and it’s true that he did himself some major damage in those 30 days. But I’ve always felt the suffering he took upon himself by eating all his meals for that month at McDonald’s was admirable, because it served to warn millions of the all too real health dangers of eating too much fast food.

Super Size Me struck a chord for a lot of people, as it became one of the highest-grossing documentaries of all time, and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. And more importantly, it changed the eating habits of millions.

Now a group of physicians and other health professionals have produced a short (39 second) ad that may be one of the more controversial in advertising history. The Washington, DC-based group Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM)’s new “Consequences” ad takes dead aim at McDonald’s high-fat menu. The provocative ad has become a story unto itself, because it has in only a few days generated nearly one million views on YouTube, and has been covered by newspapers and broadcast media around the world, including the Wall Street Journal, U.K.’s The Guardian, CNN, the New York Times and hundreds of other media outlets.

What do you think? Is the ad a contribution to public health, or does it go too far? Even if the underlying critique of the dangers of hamburgers and other fast food is valid, does the ad accomplish its purpose, or is it too emotionally manipulative?

The ad ends by telling us to “make it vegetarian,” making it obvious that PCRM has a pro-vegetarian orientation. But with good reason. The evidence is consistent and compelling that vegetarians suffer less from the diseases associated with the typical Western diet. Vegetarians have repeatedly been shown to have lower rates of obesity, coronary heart disease, hypertension, type II diabetes, diverticular disease, constipation and gall stones. They also have lower rates of many kinds of cancer, including colon cancer and the hormone dependent cancers such as prostate cancer, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer.

Do you have to be a strict vegetarian to enjoy the considerable health benefits of a vegetarian diet? No, you do not. What’s important is to eat a plant-strong diet, with a high percentage of your calories coming from whole foods such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and a low percentage coming from processed foods, sugars, unhealthy fats and animal products.

The standard American diet — in which 62 percent of calories come from processed foods, 25 percent from animal products and only 5 percent from fruits and vegetables — is nothing less than a health travesty. Our fast-food culture has produced a population with widespread chronic illness and is a primary reason that health care costs are taking a devastating toll on just about everyone.

The annual health insurance premiums paid by the average American family now exceed the gross yearly income of a full-time minimum wage worker. Every 30 seconds, someone in the U.S. files for bankruptcy due to the costs of treating a health problem. Starbucks spends more on the health insurance of its workers than it does on coffee.

Medical care costs in the U.S. have not always been this excessive. This year, we will spend more than $2.5 trillion on medical care. But in 1950, five years before Ray Kroc opened the first franchised McDonald’s restaurant, Americans only spent $8.4 billion ($70 billion in today’s dollars). Even after adjusting for inflation, we now spend as much on health care every 10 days as we did in the entire year of 1950.

Has this enormous increase in spending made us healthier? Earlier this year, when the World Health Organization assessed the overall health outcomes of different nations, it placed 36 other nations ahead of the United States.

Today, we have an epidemic of largely preventable diseases. To these illnesses, Americans are losing not only their health but also their life savings. Meanwhile, the evidence keeps growing that the path to improved health lies in eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains and legumes, and eating far less processed foods, sugars and animal products.

It’s striking to me that in all the heated debates we have had about health care reform, one basic fact has rarely been discussed, and that is the one thing that could dramatically bring down the costs of health care while improving the health of our people. Studies have shown that 50 to 70 percent of the nation’s health care costs are preventable, and the single most effective step most people can take to improve their health is to eat a healthier diet. If Americans were to stop overeating, to stop eating unhealthy foods and to instead eat more foods with higher nutrient densities and cancer protective properties, we could have a more affordable, sustainable and effective health care system.

Is it McDonald’s fault that more than 63 percent of Americans are overweight or obese, making us the fattest nation in the history of the world? I don’t think so, because each of us is responsible for what we put in our mouths and in the mouths of our children. Plus many other fast food chains serve food that is just as harmful. But the company is playing a significant role in generating our national appetite for unhealthy foods. McDonald’s is by far the largest food advertiser in the country, spending more than one billion dollars a year on direct media advertising.

Much of McDonald’s advertising is aimed at children, and it’s been effective. Every month, approximately nine out of 10 American children eat at a McDonald’s restaurant. Most U.S. children can recognize McDonald’s before they can speak. Tragically, one in every three children born this year in the U.S. will develop diabetes in their lifetime.

Of course, fast food is not the only cause of the tragic rise of obesity and diabetes in our society. Our culture has become pathologically sedentary. Watching television and sitting in front of computer monitors for hour upon hour doesn’t help. But the high sugar and high fat foods sold by McDonald’s and the other fast food restaurants is certainly a major part of the problem. You would have to walk for seven hours without stopping to burn off the calories from a Big Mac, a Coke and an order of fries.

Mr Harshavardhan Reddy believes in mythology and astrological practices prevailing in India over the centuries. Following article outlines the Hindu Astrology.

Evidences prove that the early civilizations had deep knowledge of the science of Astrology. Astrology was germinated in the Hindu kingdom. Mesopotamians and Babylonians developed it separately. Even in prehistoric times Days, Paksh, Ayan, Months and Era were known. Moon was greatest clock at those times. Written around 5000B.C. Vedas have references of orbit of Planets, Nakshatras, Yug, Months, Tithis, Eclipse, Meteors, Comets etc. Northerly course and Southern course of Sun were also known. Astrology was practiced to predict various events of life of Natives and also Mundane events like wars, outcome of wars, floods etc. Various Rishis had advanced knowledge of the science. Some of them are Rishi Agastya, Narad, Bhrigu, Surya, Atri, Kashyap, Mirich, Manu, Lomesh, Chyawan, Garg etc.

Europeans believe that Seth (3769 B.C.) was the world’s first Astrologer. Around 2,600 years ago priests and shepherds of Chaldea studied this science seriously. Greeks also practised Astrology. One of the Greek Horoscope written in Papyrus about 2000 years ago is kept in British Museum. Astrology was popular with Egyptians too. Pharaohs had faith in Astrology and they use to consult Astrologers for taking decisions. At 2750 B.C. in China, from the days of King Fohi, Astronomy and Astrology were widely studied . 

In India, sage Parashar is believed to have dictated “Brihat Parashar Hora Shastram” to his students in between 5000 B.C. – 4000 B.C. There were two schools of thought at those times. Sign system taught by Sage Jaimini and Planetry system propounded by sage Parashar. According to Jaimini, Signs aspect each other and Timing of events was done by Dasas attributed to Signs. On the contrary Parashar in his all time great work “Brihat Parashar Hora Shastram” considered Conjunctions and Aspects between Planets. Dasa were attributed to Planets and Transits also were read form Planets. The Parashari system didn’t loose and is still being practiced in whole of the country. 

Astrology was widely in use in the period of Mahabharata.

Various Rishis had predicted the war beforehand and its outcome. Lagadh, around year 700B.C. wrote “Jyotish Vedang” in Kashmir. He described Muhurat, Ayan, Month, Year, Season, Day etc. He invented a time measuring instrument, which used to have hole in its bottom. It was kept on the surface of water. After a fixed time it used to drown in water.

Alexander attacked India in 326 B.C. from N.W. direction. This marked exchange of knowledge between Greeks (Yavans) and Hindus. Surya Sidhant is believed to be written in 100B.C. Greatest of researchers, Aryabhatt was born in 476 A.D. He wrote Aryabhtiyam. He had the knowledge of Heliocentric and Geocentric systems. He was a professor in Nalanda. He influenced Mihir, popularly known as Varahmihir. Born in 505 A.D. Mihir wrote “Brihatjatak” on the lines of “Brihat Parashar Hora Shastram”. He just added his observations. Kalyan Verma in 578 A.D. wrote Saravali on the same lines. Twenty years later Brahmgupt, wrote “Brahmgupt Sidhant”. Son of Mihir, Prithuyash wrote “Shat panchsika” on Horary Astrology.

Bhatopal explained the works of Mihir and Brahmgupt in his times. He wrote commentaries on their works in 888A.D. and became famous. Sripathi was born in 999A.D. He wrote Sripathi Padhati, Ratnasaar, Ratnamaala, Ratnawali. Born in 1114 A.D., Bhaskaracharya is famous for “Sidhant Shiromani”, “Karan Kauntal, “Sarvabhadra” based on Brahmguptas study.

All the Astrologers extended on the legendary work “Brihat Parashar Hora Shastram” until Yavanacharya gave a new look to Astrology, and developed “Tajik Shastra”. He wrote “Tajik Shastra” in Arabic, therefore some Astrologers believe that he developed this work in Tajakistan and not in India. This system is of annual horoscopy or “Varshaphal” and Tajik yogas are used for predictions like Ishraf, Induvar etc. They are not like aspects and conjunctions or combinations used in Parashari astrology. However for practicing this system Natal Horoscope is made in the same manner. Many Astrologers believe that Tej Singh in 1300A.D. evolved the Tajik system.
Born in 1456 A.D. Keshav wrote several books on Applied Astronomy. His famous works are Jatak Padhati, Tithi Sidhi, Ganit Deepak etc. Son of Keshav, Ganesh Daivagya wrote “Grah Laghav” and a dozen more books. Dhundhiraj, wrote his observations in Astrology in the book “Jatak Bharnam”. Maansagari is collection of observation of many Astrologers written in 1500A.D. Meanwhile few books on Muhurat were also written. Keshav wrote Muhrat Tatwa. Muhurat Martanda, Muhurat Chintamani, Muhurat Kalpdrum were written by Narayan, Rambhatt and Vithal Dixit respectively in the years 1491 A.D., 1600 A.D., 1627 A.D. Uttarkalamrit is believed to have written in 16th century by Kalidas (not the author of “Abhigyan Shakuntlam”) on the same lines of “Brihat Parashar Hora Shastram”.

Illustrious sons of Anant Daivagya, Neelkanth and Ram and wrote “Tajik Neelkanthi” and “Muhurat Chintamani” respectively. Munishwar wrote commentaries on Sidhant Shiromani. Jatak Padhati was written by Divakar.

Various studies including Astrology lost their way from the Times of Aurangzeb until Englishmen consolidated their position in the country. Ninteenth century was era of “Exploration of the Past”. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Sudhkar Dwivedi, Nityanand, Mansagar, Raghunath Acharya, Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan, Sh. Ramkrishna Paramhans etc. and later Bal Gngadhar Tilak and others explored rich Hindu Tradition. Vedas, Epics viz. Mahabharat, Ramayan etc. were translated in various languages including English and were made available to common people. Raghunath Acharya was fellow of The Royal Astronomical Society. He wrote “Jyotish Chintamani”.

In Astrology various texts “Brihat Parashar Hora Shastram”, Brihat Jatakam and others were also translated. B. Suryanarayan Rao and his grandson B.V.Raman translated various texts. B.V. Raman set up schools of Astrology in various parts of the country in recent times in which Traditional Astrology is taught to the students. He also gave a new Ayanamsa which bears his name.

1950’s saw emergence of a new star, Jyotish Martand Krishnamurti in the Hindu Astrological scenario. He was from Madras, now called Chennai. According to him he tried predictions on the basis of traditional Astrology. Then he studied “Nadi Astrology” from Sh. R. G. Rao. Associate of Sh. Gurumurti and did research on it. He found the system to be extremely accurate. He said precise predictions are possible only on the basis of Nadi Astrology and not on the basis of traditional system. He wrote seven readers on it and spread this system in various parts of the country. According to him accurate predictions are possible by using Signs, Nakshatra, Sub lord, House cusps, and using combination of Houses for events which can be pin pointed by Vimshottari Dasa. He used inequal system of Houses in “Chalit Chart”. Method taught by him was spread all over the country and his followers are still spreading the science in the name of “K.P. System or “Krishnamurti Padhati”. His books bear the name “Stellar Astrology”.

On the similar lines Sh.Gurumurti who used equal Houses system taught “Nadi Astrology” to Sh. J.C. Luthra (1924-1997) in late 60’s. He had in his bank a number of combinations of Houses which he used to predict events. Sh. J.C. Luthra based on the teachings of Sh. Gurumurti developed the science and added more combinations based on his experience and research for a period of over 25 years. He also wrote two books on “Mundane Astrology” which was untouched branch of subject so far. Nadi Astrology is being taught by me in Delhi and Chandigarh regularly. It is also taught in various other cities of India and also Spain by me and my students. Now Nadi Astrology has spread all across the Globe. We also have a discussion forum on face book in the name of “Nadi Astrology’ on which students from all across Globe can join and discuss.

In this era of Information and technology hundreds of web sites on Hindu Astrology are there. Books are available in CD’s and DVD’s. I hope Hindu Astrology will spread further as a science and will enlighten people on Earth in times to come. 
Nadi Astrology* - Nadi Astrology is believed to be practised by Sage Agastya and Sage Bhrigu in Ancient times. In addition to Signs, Houses and Planets; Nakshatra, Sub lord, Cusp of Houses and Combination of Houses are used for precise predictions. Vimshottari Dasa and Transits are used for Timing the events. Surprisingly, no classical or text is available on this branch of science.

First of all, Sage Shaunak expressed his desire to Sutji about knowing the means, which could help a man in this era of Kali to attainment lord Shiva, by cleansing all the impurities of his mind and rectifying his inherent demonic tendencies. Sutji then described about Shiv Mahapuran - the supreme of all the puranas, which was narrated by Lord Shiva himself and which was later on retold by Sage Vyas with the permission of Maharshi Sanatkumar, for the benediction of common man. Sutji said, "By understanding the mysteries of Shivmahapuran and singing its praises, a man attains greater virtues than that which could be attained by being charitable or by the performance of all the `yagyas'. Contemplating on the subject matters of Shivmahapuran give auspicious fruits just like a 'Kalpa-taru' (A mythological tree which fulfills all the wishes). Shiv Mahapuran contains twenty-four thousand shlokas and seven.

 Shivmahapuran is the best means for man's liberation.

PROPER METHOD OF LISTENING TO SHIVPURAN Sage Shaunak requested Sutji to tell about the proper method of listening to Shivpuran, so that the man kind gets complete benefit. Sutji replied-

"First of all, an auspicious moment should be determined by an Astrologer. After that, friends and relatives should be invited, especially those who have the tendency of being away from such occasions. The sages and the virtuous people should be invited too. The 'Katha' must be help in scared places like Shiva temple, any place of pilgrimage or in one's home after doing a Bhumi Pujan of the land Where one intends to held the Katha of Shiv Puran. The canopy should be well decorated." "After making a resolution and doing worship of Ganapati - the destroyer of all hurdles and obstacles the Katha should be commenced. The person who is telling the 'Katha' should be facing north and all the listeners should sit facing east. The person who is telling the 'Katha' should be a scholar and should be capable of clearing all the doubts from the listener's mind. There should be no kind of distraction during the 'Katha' period. A devotee, who listens to the Katha leaving behind all of his worldlys worries get complete benefits. A devotee should also make donations and offerings according to his capacity and capability otherwise he would become a wretched man. The Mantra 'OM NAMAH SHIVAY' should be chanted through out the period of Katha.

RIGHT OF LISTENING TO SHIVMAHAPURAN:-

 An uninitiated person does not have the right to listen to the Katha of Shivmahapuran. So a man desirous of listening to Shivmahapuran should first get initiated.

 AUSTERITIES TO BE FOLLOWED:

 A devotee who has taken the vow of listening to the Katha of Shivmahapuran, should follow a celibate life. He should sleep on the floor and should have only fruits in the diet. He can have his normal dinner only after the completion of the Katha. The diet should be fresh and pure. He should also try to avoid sinful tendencies like lust, anger, greed, attachment and condemning other, etc. Making donations of even meager things give undiminishing virtues.

RITES PERFORMED ON COMPLETION OF OBSERVANCE:-

After the methodical completion of the Katha, a devotee should perform UDDYAPAN (Conclusion of the Katha), which is similar to the CHATURDASHI UDDYAPAN. The devotee should also Charitably make donations to all the brahmins who have helped in the performance of Katha. On the next day the 'Path' of SHIV GITA should be performed. If the devotee (listener of the Katha) is a householders, then he should perform 'Havan' with the ghee prepared from Cow's milk, for the pacification of the unhindered completion of the Katha. The Havan should be performed, either with the help of 'Rudra Samhita mantras' or 'Gayatri Mantra' or with the shlokas of Puran.

This Purana consists of the following 7 Chapters:

1.1      Vidyeshwar SamhitaThis Chapter contains 24 sections.

1.1.1     Sages EnquireViddyeshwar Samhita which is classified into twenty five chapters, has a narration in its first chapter which goes as follows-

Once upon a time, the sages were performing a yagya at Prayag kshetra. Sage Sutji came to know about this and arrived there. All the sages were very pleased to see him. They requested:-

"Lord! Though we have heard many tales from you regarding the man's benediction, but today we want to listen to something special. Because in this present era of Kali, when all the castes have forgotten about their respective duties we want to know is there any way to prevent the deterioration in the human values?"

Sutji replied:-

"O Great men! Your enquiry has great relevance in this era of Kali. I will certainly tell you about the way by the help of which a man can achieve benediction. Shivmahapuran contains the essence of Vedantic philosophy, which gives worldly pleasures as well as Salvation. Mere remembrance of it destroys all the sins of a man. One who studies the Rudra-Samhita attentively, his gravest of sins are destroyed instantaneously. One who studies Rudra-Samhita' silently, sitting in front of Bhairav-idol, all of his aspirations are fulfilled. A man gets liberated from the sin of killing a brahmin, if he studies Rudra Samhita while circulbulating around a Banyan tree."

"Kailash Samhita is even Superior than Rudra Samhita, as it elaborates upon the meaning of Omkar. Shivmahapuran is created by lord Shiva Himself. It contains twelve Samhitas which are - Viddyeshwar, Rudra, Vinayak, Uma, Matri, Ekadash-rudra, Kailash, Shat-rudra, Koti-rudra, Sahastra Koti, Vayaviya and Dharma."

"Initially it contained one lac shlokas but it was precised to twenty-four thousand shlokas by sage Vyas. The present ShivPuran is the fourth one which consists of seven Samhitas. The earlier three Shivpuranas are unavailable. The scientific analysis of the Vedantic mysteries are the main subject of this divine Shivpuran. The study of Shivpuran helps a man to attain Dharma, Artha, Kaam and Moksha.

1.1.2     Proposition and MeansSutji continued with his narration:-

"During the initial period of 'Svet Varah Kalp'. Six prominent sages collected near Triveni and started debating as to who was the greatest deity, among Brahma Vishnu and Mahesh. Their debate remained inconclusive, so they went to lord Brahma to seek the answer.

Lord Brahma told them:-

"O revered Sages! The source of Vishnu, Rudra all the deities including myself and all the other creations is none other Mahadeo. Union with the Shiva should be the objective of a man to attain that objective. Listening to the qualities of Lord Shiva, singing devotional songs in his praise and contemplating on him are the greatest means, which help to unite with Shiva."

1.1.3     Listening, Kirtan, ContemplationSHRAVAN KIRTAN MANAN

Purification of the mind by the help of doing worship and chanting the name of God is called contemplation. Singing devotional songs in the form of stotra, or hymns of the vedas or even in one's own language is called Kirtan.

The above mentioned three activities are the supreme means to attain liberation.

1.1.4     Greatness of Shiva LingaAccording to Sutji, if a person is incapable of following the above mentioned three activities i.e. Shravan, Kirtan and Manan then he should worship the Shivalinga. Even by doing this he can attain liberation from all the bondages of the world.

Describing about the majesty of Shivalinga, Sutji says: "Lord Shiva is the manifestation of Almighty God (Brahma) himself and for this very reason he is known as NISHKAL. Because of his divine beauty, Shiva is called SAGUNA (God with form). The term SAGUNA is also expressed in another way, that is SAKAL. Shivalinga is worshipped since it symbolizes the form of Shiva. Lord Shiva is also considered to be NIRGUNA (without any qualities.)"

"In the first Kalpa of Swetvarah, a battle was fought between Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu to prove their superiority. Lord Shiva manifested before arrogance. After that he also showed them his form in the shape of Shivalinga. From that day onwards the Shivalinga became famous."

1.1.5     The Deities go to Kailash MountainNandikeshwarji narrates the tale of battle between Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu. "Once while travelling lord Brahma reached the abode of Lord Vishnu. He saw Lord Vishnu. He saw lord Vishnu resting on Shesh-Nag and being attended by Garuda and other attendants. When Brahmaji saw that Vishnu did not get up to receive him, he became very angry. Very soon, Verbal dual erupted between them. It became so severe that a battle was fought between them, which continued for very long time. All the deities arrived from the heaven to watch the battle. They became very worried when they saw no sign of battle coming to an end. They decided to go to lord Shiva, to seek his help.

1.1.6     Anaal-Stambh (The Pillar of Fire)"Though Lord Shiva knew everything, but still feigning ignorance, he asked about the well beings of the world. The deities told him about the battle, fought between Brahmaji and Vishnuji."

"Lord Shiva then sent his one hundred Ganas to pacify both of them. He too went there accompanied by mother Parvati, boarded on a chariot. When Lord Shiva reached there, he saw that Brahmaji and Vishnuji were about to use their deadly weapons- Maheshwar and Pashupat respectively. Fearing the destruction, which these deadly weapons might have caused, Lord Shiva manifested himself in the form of 'Analstamba' (pillar of fire) between them. Brahmaji and Vishnuji had already released their weapons- Maheshwar and Pashupat. Both the weapons fell into that pillar of fire and got destroyed.

"Brahmaji and Vishnuji were very surprised to see the pillar of fire, which was so enormous in size that it reached the sky and penetrated down the earth. Vishnuji transformed himself into a boar and went to the 'Patal' (nether world) to find the base of that 'Pillar of fire'. But he was unsuccessful in his attempt and came back.

Similarly Brahmaji transformed himself into a swan and flew up in the sky to find its limit. While going through the aerial route he met a withered 'Ketaki' flowers, which had still some freshness and fragrance left in it."

"Lord Shiva smiled at the futile attempts of Shri Brahmaji and Vishnuji. As a result of his smile the Ketaki flower fell down from the branch. Ketaki flower told Brahmaji that he had been present there since the beginning of the creation, but was unable to know about the origin of that 'Pillar of fine'. The flower also advised Brahmaji against making any effort in that direction, as it would be of no use."

"Brahmaji then sought the help of Ketaki flower to give a false witness before lord Vishnu, that he (Brahmaji) had been successful in seeing the limit of that pillar of fire. Ketaki flower agreed. Both of them went to Vishnuji and Brahmaji told him that he had seen the limit of that Pillar of fire. Ketaki flower gave a witness. Vishnuji accepted the superiority of Brahmaji."

"Lord Shiva became very angry with Brahmaji. He proceeded to punish Brahmaji for his falsehood. Lord Vishnu requested Lord Shiva to spare the life of Brahmaji. Lord Shiva became pleased with Vishnuji and accorded him the same status as Hat of his own."

1.1.7     Shiva Obliges BrahmaNandikeshwar continuing with the tale said:

"After according same status to Vishnuji as that of his own, Lord Shiva opened his third eye from it manifested 'Bhairav'. He ordered Bhairav to kill Brahmaji. Bhairav severed the fifth head of Lord Brahma with his sword. Brahmaji became very terrified. He was trembling in fear. Lord Vishnu felt pity on his condition and requested Lord Shiva to forgive him.

Lord Shiva then stopped Bhairav, but told Brahma.

"You spoke untruth with a desire to become worshippable. It is my curse that, you will not be worshipped by anybody. You will posses only four heads."

Brahmaji begged his forgiveness. Lord Shiva feeling pity on Brahmaji gave him a boon of being the presiding deity of all the yagya. Similarly the Ketaki flower also prohibited from being used during worship. But when Ketaki flower tendered his apology Shiva gave blessing that it would be fortunate to be offered to lord Vishnu during the worship.

1.1.8     Consecration of MaheshwarLord Vishnu and Brahma made salutations to lord Shiva and offered him a seat. They then worshipped him. This was the first time, Brahma and Vishnu had worshipped lord Shiva. Shiva was very pleased. Shiva-ratri has been continued to be celebrated since that day. This particular day is considered to be the most auspicious day for the worship of Lord Shiva.

A devotee who fasts on Shiv ratri remaining only on fruits, attain virtues equivalent to the worship done for the whole year.

The idol of Shiva is consecrated on this day.

Lord Shiva has himself told the deities that he had manifested in the form of Pillar of Fire' in the month of Agahan and during the constellation of Ardra. He also said-

"One who has my darshan on this day (Shivratri) or worships me in my form of linga is dearer to me than Kartikeya. The place where, I manifested in the form of Pillar of fire will become famous as Lingasthan. Because of its resemblance with the 'Mountain of Fire', it will also be known Arunachal."

Later on Shiva brought back to life all the people who had died in the battle, fought between Brahmaji and Vishnuji.

1.1.9     OmkarLord Shiva then preached Brahmaji and Vishnuji on the five duties (Panchakritya) saying that 'Shrishti' (creation), 'Sthithi' (position), Samhar (Annihilation), Tirobhav (Concealment) and 'Anugrah' (obligation or kindness) are the five duties by which this world functions.

The source of this world in 'Sarga' or Nature. The establishment of this world is 'Stithi' or position. The tendency of this world to destroy is Samhar or destruction. The feeling of absence of this world is Tirobhav or Concealment and Moksha or Salvation is obligation or Anugrah.

Lord Shiva then goes on to explain that the first four duties like Sarga (Nature) etc help in the nurturement of the world and the fifth duty Anugrah is a giver of Salvation.

Lord Shiva also told them (Brahmaji & Vishnuji) that he (Shiva) had blessed both of them to look after the two duties i.e. Shrishti and Sthiti. Rudra and Mahesh have been entrusted with the job of Sanhar & Tiribhav. "The fifth duty 'Anugrah' has been kept by me." Said Shiva.

After describing about the allocation of the various duties, Lord Shiva described the meaning of 'OMKAR' to them. He said that OMKAR signified the world and contained the power of both Shiva and Shakti. This powerful mantra gives all kinds of worldly accomplishment as well as salvation.

After that Lord Shiva initiated both Brahmaji and Vishnuji with the OMKAR' mantra. He also preached them on the importance of the worship of Shivalinga.

1.1.10  Rituals of Shiva WorshipOn the request of the sages, Sutji describes about the methods of worshipping Shiva Linga. He says

"One should construct a Shivalinga either of mud, rock or metal and establish it in such a place where it can be worshipped daily without any hindrance."

"The 'Char' (mobile) Linga should be small in size and the Sthira (Fixed) linga should be large. The Linga should be constructed along with the pedestal. The rule for constructing a Shiva Linga has been specifically described. The breadth of thickness of the Linga should be twelve times the thickness of the devotees (one who is constructing the linga) finger, while the length should be twenty-five times. After establishing the linga in the above mentioned way, it should be worshipped after performing the Shodasopachar. The thumb also symbolise a Shiva linga and its worship can be done. While worshipping the Shiva Linga, the mantra OM NAMAH SHIVAY should be continuously chanted. Chanting this mantra for five crore times, helps a man in attaining to the abode of Shiva. Worship of Shiva done during the mid night is considered to be especially fructifying.

1.1.11  Sacred Pilgrimages of ShivaThere are numerous places of pilgrimages connected with Shiva at the banks of river Ganges and river Indus. River Saraswati is considered to be a sacrosanct river and having an opportunity of living at its banks, helps in attaining to the abode of Brahma.

Similarly, there are famous temples of Lord Shiva at Kashi, Naimisharanya, Badrikasharam and Kedar etc. There are many temples of Shiva at the banks of holy river like Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Godavari, Narmada, Kaveri, Sarayu, Tungabhadra etc. Worshipping Shiva at these places bestows undiminishing virtues and liberates a man from all of his sins.

1.1.12  Conduct of the respective CastesOn the request of the sages, Sutji described about the virtuous and invirtuous activities of a man according to the respective castes be belong. He said:

"A brahmin who performs the rituals, as described in the Vedas, only is entitled to be called a Dwija. A brahmin who is not that proficient in the Vedas is called a 'Kshatriya brahmin'. A brahmin engaged in agricultural activities and business is called a Vaishya-brahmin'. A brahmin who is in the habit of condemning and criticizing others, is called a 'Shudra-Brahmin'. 

"A Kshatriya who looks after the welfare of his subjects is called a king, while the rest of them are known as simply Kshatriya. A Kshatriya who indulges in business is called a Vaishya Kshatriya. Similarly a Kshatriya who engages himself in the service of the three superior castes - Brahmin Kshatriya and Vaishya is called a Shudra Kshatriya.

1.1.13  Types of DharmaDharma is considered to be of two types-

 1) Dharma performed by matter and Materials.

 2) Dharma performed by indulging in physical activities.

 The performance of Yagya etc comes in the first category. Making pilgrimages of holy places comes in the second category. During the Satya-Yuga, meditation was the way to attain self knowledge. During Treta-Yuga, it was attained by penance, during Dwapar Yuga it was attained by performing 'Yagya' while in the present era of Kali Yuga, idol worship is considered to be the means to achieve self-realization. Invirtuosity invites sorrow while virtuosity bestows joy and happiness.

'THE IMPORTANCE OF AGNI-YAGYA' The sages then asked Sutji about the Agniyagya Brahma yagya and Guru Puja in order of importance.

Sutji said-

"Performing 'havan' by offering matter and materials into the sacred fire, is called Agni yagya. This ritual is especially meant for the brahmachari (Celibates). Performing havana during the evening time brings prosperity, while performance of havana during the morning times gives long life. Making sacrifices to the deities during the day time is called 'Deva Yagya'. A brahmin should perform 'Brahma yagya with the help of the study of the Vedas."

"First of all lord Shiva adopted an auspicious day for himself and named it Sunday. After that he named the Six remaining days of the week and attributed them to the following deities respectively - Monday (Durga), Tuesday (Skand), Wednesday (Vishnu), Thursday (Yama), Friday (Brahma), and Saturday (Indra).

Worshipping the deities on their respective days give peace properity and all kinds of accomplishments.

1.1.14  Appropriate Place and Time for Worshipping ShivaIMPORTANCE OF PLACE:

In the Viddyeshwar Samhita of Shivapuran, describing about the importance of place and time for worship of Shiva says-

"Worshipping Shiva at a pure place in a house gives appropriate fruits, while worship done in a cowshed gives virtue, which are ten-times more than the former one. Worshipping Shiva at the banks of a river gives, ten times more virtues than the second one. Worship of Shiva done either in temple, under the basil plant etc. or at the banks of Sapt Ganga, gives ten times more virtue than the third one. If Shiva is worshipped at the seashore than the fourth one, while worshipping Shiva on the peak of a mountain, gives ten times more virtue than the fifth one. But worship done with a fully concentrates mind, gives the best fruits.

IMPORTANCE OF TIME: During the Satya-yuga performance of Yagya and donations gave complete results. During the Treta-yuga it gave half, while in the present Kaliyuga it gives one-fourth results. Virtuosity performed with a pure heart does not go in vain. The other auspicious days in order of their increasing importance are 'Surya-Sankranti', Tula Sankranti and Mesh-Sankranti, Lunar eclipse and Solar eclipse respectively.

1.1.15  Worshipping the Idol of ShivaIt has been mentioned in the sixteenth chapter of Viddyeshwar Samhita that all the desires of a man are completely fulfilled, if he worship even in earthen idol of Shiva. For making an idol of Shiva. Day should be acquired from the base of river , pond, well or any such other place. In this clay fragrant powder and milk should be added to make it into a paste. After the constructing of idol is complete, it should be worshipped by all the sixteen types of rituals Shodasopachar.

If the Shiva Linga is constructed by somebody else, then three 'sera' of Naivedya should be offered to the deity, whereas if one himself has constructed the Shiva-Linga then the one-fourth of a 'Sera' should be offered.

If such an idol s worshipped for one thousand times, then it helps a devotee in attaining to the Satyaloka. Performing 'abhishek' of such an idol helps in self-purification, offering fragrance gives virtues, Naivedya increases the life span and worshipping it with 'Dhoop' gives wealth and prosperity respectively.

Worshipping the idol with a burning lamp gives knowledge to the devotee, whereas offering beetel leaves gives splendours.

A devotee who worships Lord Shiva in the hindu month of Magh and on Krishna Chaturdashi achieves longevity of life. Both, worldly pleasures and salvation are achieved by worshipping Shiva.

Worshipping Shiva in the hindu month of Kartik by going Japa, penance etc gives special fruits and the devotee becomes free from all kinds of diseases.

If a devotee worships lord Shiva on Sunday he becomes free from rebirth.

1.1.16  The Majesty of Pranav PanchaksharThe root sounds Akaar, Ukaar, Makaar, Bindu and Naad, which are free from the delusions and which originates from the mother Nature are called Pranav. It is of two types:-

a) Gross, b) Subtle. (Pranav Mantra OM AND OM NAMAH SHIVAY!

It symbolizess the unified power of Shiva and Shakti and destroyes all the sins of a man. A man desirous of worldly pleasures must chant the mantra 'Hrishva Pranav' containing the three root sounds A, U, & Ma, which symbolizes Brahma, Vishnu and Mahesh respectively. On the other hand a man aspiring for the salvation, must chant the mantra 'Deergha Pranav' containing A, U, Ma, Naad and Bindu.

Before commencing the study of Vedas pronouncing OMKAR is a must. By chanting 'Pranav' for nine crore times man becomes pure. By chanting it for further nine crore times a man develops a control over natural forces like wind, smell and earth etc.

This Pranav mantra is considered to be most powerful and helps a man to attain the abode of Shiva.

1.1.17  Worldly Bondage and SalvationIn the eighteen chapter, all the sages requested Sutji to explain the meaning of bondages of life and Salvation

Sutji replied-

"Because of the eight types of bondages which a man feels on this earth, the soul is also known as "Jeeva". The Jeeva becomes liberated only after becoming free from these eight bondages. These eight bondages are - Nature, Intelligence qualitative- ego and the Panchatanmatras i.e. Sound, touch, appearance, taste and smell.

"Each soul is binded by these eight aspects of the Nature. The actions performed as the result of these bondages is called Karma. A man reaps the fruits of his actions- Whether good or evil. He either enjoys pleasures or suffers because of sorrow, due to this Karma." The soul takes rebirth in a cyclic was binded by the effects of his Karmas. The eight Chakra' are nothing but the eight forms of the nature. Shiva is beyond the reach of these eight chakras, on the contrary he has full control these eight chakras. So a man can become free from the bondages of this world, only by worshipping Shiva Linga. The linga is both gross as well as subtle. There are five types of Linga on this earth.- SWAYAMBHU LINGA, BINDU LINGA, PRATISTHIT LINGA, CHAR LINGA, GURU LINGA. A person desirous of worldly pleasures should worship the cross Shivalinga, where as one who is desirous of attaining salvation must worship the subtle Shiva linga."

1.1.18  The Worship of Parthiva LingaSutji then explains the greatness of worshipping a Parthiva Linga-:

"Parthiva Linga is the most supreme among all the Shiva-Lingas. All the aspirtions of he deities as well as men are fulfilled by the worship of Parthiv linga. During the era of Satya, jewel was considered to be of prime importance, where as during Tretayuga and Dwaparyuga, gold and mercury had the prime importance respectively. In the present era of Kali, a Parthiva Linga hold this place of honour. The worship of Parthiva Linga begets more virtues than even penance. Just as Ganga among the rivers, Kashi among the sacred places of pilgrimages, Omkar among all the mantras are considered to be superior, In the same way Parthivalinga is considered to the supreme among all the Linga. Worshipping, a Parthiva linga with a 'Nishkam bhava' helps a man to attain liberation."

1.1.19  Methods of Worshipping Parthiva LingaElaborately describes about the methods of doing worship of Parthiva Linga:-

"After becoming fresh in the morning, a man should wear a rudraksha garland in his neck and apply bhasma (Ash) on his forehead. He should then worship the Parthiva Linga. He should chant the various names of Shiva, while worshipping the Parthiva Linga, like Har, Maheshwar, Shambhu, Shoolpani, Mahadev, etc. After worshipping the Parthiva Linga, it should be immersed in the river, Then the mantra - OM NAMAH SHIVAY should be canted with complete devotion. This is the method which has been described in the Vedas for the worship of Parthiva Linga."

1.1.20  Number of Parthiva ShivalingasThe numbers of Parthiva Linga differ according to one's desires. For example a man who is desirous of learning and knowledge must worship one thousand Parthiva Linga. A man who is desirous of wealth must worship. One thousand five hundred Parthiva Lingas. A man who is desirous of attaining salvation must worship one crore Parthiva Lingas.

Parthiva linga, which is equivalent to the height measured by the four fingers and which has been established on a beautiful pedestal, is considered to be the best. Parthiva Linga which is the half of the above mentioned height is considered to be 'Medium; and still half than the second category is considered to be inferior Parthiva Linga. It is better and advisable to worship a single Parthiva Linga daily, because it is equivalent to the worship of the whole world. Nobody is barred from worshipping Shiva, except the people whose ancestors had been cursed by the sages like Dadhichi, Gautam. Such people should also worship the eight idols (earth, water, fire, air, sky, sun, moon and the host) alongwith the Parthiva linga.

A brahmin should worship Parthiva linga as per the methods described in the vedas. Worship should be done, facing north.

1.1.21  Importance of Naivedya and Bilva LeavesSutji then described about the important of Naivedya offered to Lord Shiva.

"A devotee gets liberated from all of his sins merely at the sight of the Naivedya, which have been offered to lord Shiva. He attains great virtues by having the Prasada."

A man must not accept the Prasada if the worship have been done under supervision of a 'Chandala', but some of the Shivalingas like Baanlinga, Siddhalinga and Swayambhu Linga are exceptions to this rule. The prasada which has been offered to the Shivalinga and remains lying on it, is prohibited from having, but the prasad which is not touching the Shivalinga should be accepted.

BILVA (WOOD APPLE)-: Bilva fruit is considered to be a form of lord Shiva It's greatness has been eulogized even by the deities himself. It is believed that all the places of pilgrimages, dwell in the Bilva-leaf. Lord Shiva is believed to have his abode in the roots of the Bilva tree. A devotee who waters the roots of the Bilva tree attain greater virtues than offering water to the deities of all the places of pilgrimages. Similarly a devotee who worships the roots of the Bilva tree attains to the abode of lord Shiva.

1.1.22  The Majesty of Shiva’s NameSutji then goes on he explain the greatness of Shiva's name and the importance of Bhasm (Ash) and rudraksha beads in his worship.

The name of Shiva is as sacred as Ganges; Similarly 'Bhasm' and 'Rudraksha' are as holy as river Yamuna and Saraswati respectively. Therefore a devotee who possesses the name of lord Shiva on his lips, Who applies Bhasm on his person and who wears a rudraksha in his neck attain the virtues similar to that of taking a bath in the sangam. In the ancient time, a king by the name of Indrayumna got liberated from the bondages of the world, just by chanting the name of Shiva.

1.1.23  The Importance of Bhasma in Shiva’s WorshipBhasma are of two types:-

1) Mahabhasma and 2) Swalpabhasma.

'Shrota' (listener), 'Smart; (rites according to the smritis) and Laukik (worldly) are considered to be the Mahabhasma. There are many types of Swalpabhasma

'Shrota' and 'Smart' are meant only for the brahmins. For the rest of the castes, 'Laukik bhasma' is appropriate. A brahmin must apply bhasma, only after initiating it with the mantras. The ashes which remains after burning dry cowdung is called Aagneya Bhasma. Applying 'Tripunda' on the forehead with the ashes after the completion of Yagya, is to the upanishad rituals like Sandhya and Japa should only be performed after applying tripunda on the forehead.

1.1.24  Importance of RudrakshaRudraksha is very dear to lord Shiva and hence all the sins of a man get destroyed if he chants the name of Lord Shiva using a Rudraksha beads. He also attain salvation after his death. It is believed that the origin of Rudraksha is connected with Shiva penance.

Once while Sadashiv was performing his penance, his eyes opened due to some disturbances. He was so remorseful that tears rolled down from his eyes. These tear-drops are believed to be the origin of the Rudraksha trees.

Rudraksha of specific colours have been prescribed for different castes. For example a Brahmin, a Kshatriya, a Vaishya and a Shudra have been instructed to put on Rudraksha of white colour, red colour, yellow colour and black colour respectively.

A person who wears eleven hundred Rudraksha on his body, he unites with Shiva. Rudrakshas are of various types i.e. EKMUKHA RUDRAKSHA (one opening) to rudraksha with fourteen openings. Each type of rudraksha has specific mantra and specific deity connected with it.

1.2      Rudra SamhitaThis Chapter contains 149 sections.

1.2.1     Shrishti-KhandThe sages express their desire of knowing about the manifestation of Shiva and Uma, their marriage and their life as a householder and the other aspects of Shiva's divinity

Sutji narrated the story of Narad's attachment and lust - how they were ultimately destroyed. He also narrated of Narad's deep desire to know about Shiva.

1.2.2     Victory of Narada over ‘Kama’Once upon a time a Narad was performing a penance in the cave of Himalaya mountain. Indra becoming fearful sent Kamadev to obstruct his penance. But Kamadeva was unsuccessful in his attempt as the place where Narada was doing penance was the same place where Lord Shiva did penance. After the completion of his penance, Narada became arrogant that he had defeated Kamadeva. He went to Kailash mountain and narrated about his feat to Lord Shiva. Narada was naïve not to realize the fact hat is happened only because of the divine power of Shiva.

Lord Shiva listened to his arrogant statement. He advised Narada not to reveal this secret to anybody. But Narada went to Brahmaloka and boasted about his feet to Lord Brahma.

Lord Brahma listened to his boisterous statements and advised him not to reveal this to anybody.

But Narada was not satisfied. He wanted to give the news of his achievement to Lord Vishnu. So, he went to Lord Vishnu's abode and boasted about his feat of defeating Kamdeva.

Lord Vishnu with a desire to subdue his inflated ego, manifested his illusionary power with the blessings of Lord Shiva.

1.2.3     Narada’s Ego Subdued:While Narada was returning from Vaikuntha Loka, he saw a beautiful city. This city was ruled by a king named SheelNidhi. The king had a daughter and her Swayamvar was being organised. Numerous kings had arrived to take part in that Swayamvar. Narada, curiously entered the place were Swayamvar was being held. The king requested Narada to study the lines of the palm of the princess. Narada was infatuated by the princess beauty. He returned back to Lord Vishnu and expressed his desire of marrying that princess. He also requested Vishnuji to make him as handsome as himself (Vishnu).

Lord Vishnu made Narada's whole body very beautiful except his face. Which he made like a monkey. Narada being unaware of this happily went back to Swayamvar site. Narada sat among the kings - his face resembling like a monkey Lord Vishnu too was present there. The princess saw Narad, whose face was looking like a monkey. She was amused. Ultimately she put the garland around the neck of Lord Vishnu and went to Vaikuntha Loka alongwith him.

Some of the Shiva's gana too were present there in the guise of a brahmin. Their names were Marud ganas. When they saw Narada to see the reflection of his face in the water.

When Narada saw his face in the water, he saw that he was looking like a monkey. He became very furious and cursed the Marudganas to be the born as demons, even though being brahmins by birth.

Furious Narada then went to Lord Vishnu and cursed him- "You too would suffer due to separation from your wife, during your incarnation of Ram and the monkey would come to your help.

1.2.4     Vishnu Preaches Narad:Lord Vishnu accepted Narada's curse without any hesitation. He then removed the illusionary powers by which Naradas' mind was influenced Now, Narada regretted his actions. Lord Vishnu told Narada that everything happened because of Shiva's divine illusions.

"You did not pay heed to his advice and hence Shiva by his illusions, has taught you a lesson. Shiva is beyond the reach of the three basic qualities-Satva, Rajo and Tamas. Therefore you must worship and contemplate on the name of Shiva. All of your sins will be destroyed.

After preaching Narada,, Lord Vishnu vanished from his sight. Narada then descended down to earth and while having darshan of numerous Shivalingas, he saw two of the Marudganas, whom he had cursed. He told both of them that they would take birth from a giantess's womb, but their father would be sages. He also told them that they would become very famous due to their devotion, Narad went to lord Brahma and requested him to tell about the divinity of Shiva.

1.2.5     Brahmaji Preaches Narad:On Narad's request Brahmaji said-

"During the period of Mahapralaya (Final annihilation) nothing exist, except Shiva. The power which Shiva manifested from his own self came to be known as Ambika. This Ambika is understood to be the cause of the whole world as well as the Nature. Lord Shiva then created a Shivaloka, which is known as Kashi. It is the abode of Shiva and Parvati. A man who makes a pilgrimages of Kashi attains salvation.

1.2.6     The Origin of VishnuLord Shiva, felt the need of somebody, who could look after the creation in his absence, as he wanted to retire along with Ambika at Kashi. The unified energy of Shiva and Ambika, resulted into a radiant physical form of a child. The child asked Shiva about his name and purpose of his being.

Lord Shiva named the child as Vishnu and advised him to do a penance which would help him to attain all kinds of accomplishment. He then offered him the knowledge of Vedas, through his breath. For this reason it has been said-

"YASYA NISHVASITAM VEDAH "

Meaning: Whose exhaled air is Veda.

Vishnu followed the instruction of Shiva and did a tremendous penance for twelve years, but still he was not successful in having a darshan of lord Shiva for the second time. He became worried. He heard a heavenly voice, instructing him to do further penance.

Vishnu then recommenced his penance. It continued for many days. By the blessings of Shiva, numerous fountain of streams errupted from his body, which spread in all directions in the form of Brahma. Vishnuji was very pleased to see that stream. He went to sleep in that streams due to which he also came to be known as 'Narayan'. One who has his abode in the water. After that, all the five elements manifested from his self. The three qualities- Salva, Rajos and Tamas as well as the ego manifested from his body. Similarly, five Tanmantras (Subtle form of matter), Panchabhuta (Sky water, air, fire and earth) and ultimately five sense organs and five organs of action also manifested from. Altogether twenty-four types of element manifested from the body of Shri Vishnu.

1.2.7     Origin of BrahmajiBrahmaji told Narad-

"While Vishnuji was sleeping in the water, a lotus flower manifested from the navel of Vishnu according to the wish of Shiva. On that lotus was seated with four heads. I did not see anything except that lotus flower. I had a desire to know about my identity. So I entered into the hollow tubular stalk of that lotus flower, but I was not able to find the source. I returned back to the same place. Suddenly I heard a voice which instructed me to do penance. I did a tremendous penance for twelve years with a desire to know about my creator. Being pleased with me, lord Vishnu manifested before me with in his Chaturbhuj form, but I could not identify him, being influenced by the illusionary power of Shiva. I quarreled with him."

1.2.8     Dispute Between Brahmaji & Vishnuji"I asked him as to who he was. Vishnuji replied that he was the fulfiller of all of his desires. But I replied to him that I only was the creator, nurturer and the supreme soul of this world. Vishnuji became angry and said that undoubtedly I (Brahma) was the creator of this world, but he (Vishnu) was the one, who had created me (Brahma) and the whole world. Vishnuji also ordered me to take his refuge and promised to protect me. But being an ignorant I did not believe him. A fierce battle was fought between both of us. A Shiva linga manifested between us to end the battle. We requested that Shivalinga to show its real identity. That Shivalinga had destroyed our pride."

1.2.9     Shabda-BrahmaWe heard a sound OM. We became curious to know the origin of that sound. Vishnuji saw a letter 'A' towards the south of that Shivalinga. He also saw the letters 'U' and 'M' centre towards the north of the Shivalinga and in its centre respectively. He also saw the mantra 'OM', which was dazzling like a Sun. There was no beginning and end to this mantra OM. As we were making efforts to know about its origin, suddenly Shiva appeared in the form of a sage. He gave us the knowledge regarding OM. He also revealed to us that I originated from the letter 'A', Vishnuji originated from letter 'U' and Shiva himself originated from letter M. The letter A signifies creation, U Signifies nurturement and M signifies salvation.

The three letters A, V & M also symbolizes the basic causes of creation. A or brahma also symbolizes the semen, U or Vishnu symbolizes the Vagina and the sound of OM is Maheshwar- the combined sound of A, U and M. All the three united from which manifested a golden egg. This golden egg remained submerged in the water for one thousand years. The almighty then cut that egg into two halves, from which appeared heaven and Earth. We also saw the divine beauty of Maheshwar."

1.2.10  Shabda-Brahma TanuThen we saw all the vowels and consonants emanating from the physique of Mahadeva. Vishnuji saw the forty eight letters within OMKAR, which in fact were the two following mantras- "TATPURUSHAY VIDDYAMAHE MAHADEVAY DHIMAHI, TANNO RUDRAH PRACHODAYAT." And "TATSAVITURVARENYAM BHARGO DEVASYA DHIMAHI DHIYO YONAH PRACHODAYAT."

"After that we also received the Mahamrityunjay mantras like 'OM JOOM SAH", "HRAUM HRIM JOOM SAH" and "TRAYAMBAKAM YAJAMAHE". After that we received the five lettered mantra "OM NAMAH SHIVAY", the chintamani mantra 'KSHAMYAUM', the dakshinamurti mantra - "OM NAMO BHAGAWATE DAKSHINAMURTAYE MAHYAM MEGHAM PRAYACHCHHA SWAHA. At last we received the great mantra TATVAMASI. Vishnuji was so enchanted by this mantra that he started chanting this mantra. We then prayed to Shiva-the creator, the nurturer and the destroyer.

1.2.11  Shiva Enlightens Brahma & Vishnu"Shiva became very pleased with both of us. He preached us the contents of Veda. Shiva told Vishnuji about the methods by which his (Shiva's) worship could be done. He revealed to us that Vishnuji actually had manifested from the left portion of his Shiva's body and myself from the right portion of his body. He also blessed us that he would manifest his incarnation of Rudra from our body and also that the purpose of this incarnation would be to do annihilation. Lord Shiva revealed to us that his consort Uma, was in fact mother Nature and her power in the incarnation of Saraswati would be my consort. Laxmi, who would also manifest from the nature would be the consort of Vishnu."

1.2.12  Age of Brahma, Vishnu & RudraBramhaji told Narada:

"Lord Shiva informed us that my day consists of four thousand eras and similarly my night too consists of four thousand eras. Since a month consists of thirty days and a year consists of twelve months. In this way my age was fixed to be of one hundred years. One day of Vishnu is equivalent to one year of Brahma. Vishnu's age too was fixed to be of one hundred years. The day of Rudra is equivalent to one year of Vishnu and his age also was fixed to be of one hundred years.

1.2.13  The Methods of Worshipping ShivaOn the request of the sages, Sutji retold the preaching which had been narrated by Brahmaji to Narad. Describing the method of Shiva worship he says-

"A devotee should get up early in the morning and contemplate on Shiva, who gives benediction. After that, he should finish his daily routing work and perform rituals like 'Sandhya' and Vandana etc. After that, he should worship Shivalinga according to vedic rites like Panchopachar, Sodashopachar etc. He should also perform 'Abhiseka' with various offerings. At last, the should beg pardon for his sins."

1.2.14  Acquiring of Shiva Lingas by the DeityOnce, Brahmaji went to 'Kshirsagar' (the abode of Vishnu) accompanied by the deities and asked lord Vishnu how a man could be liberated from his sorrows. Lord Vishnu told them that this objective could be met b worshipping Shiva-Linga.

All the deities, then prayed to lord Shiva, who after becoming pleased instructed 'Vishwakarma' to construct a Shivalinga for them. Vishwakarma then made a Shivalinga for Kuber, a Shivalinga of yellow diamond for Dharmaraj, a Shivalinga of dark coloured diamond for Varun, a Shivalinga of Indraned diamond for Vishnu and a goldden Shivalinga for Brahmaji. Similarly Vishwadeva was given a Shivalinga made up of silver, the Ashwini Kumars were given Shivalinga made up of bronze, Laxmi was given a Shivalinga made up of Crystal (Sphatik), Sun-god was given a Shivalinga made of copper and the moon was given a Shivalinga made of pearl.

1.2.15  Methods of Worshipping Shiva LingaBrahmaji has described the following methods for the worship of Shivalinga-

"After performing the rituals like 'Aachaman' and Pranayam a devotee should apply a tripunda on his forehead and wear a rudraksha on his body. After the study of Shanti-path and the performance of Devata-Namaskar, he should make a resolution if he has any wish to be fulfilled. Then the worship of Shivalinga should be done, with the help of Mahima-Stavan and offering flowers to the Shivalinga. The purity of the mantras should be maintained while chanting them.

1.2.16  The Virtues of Worshipping Shiva MethodicallyIt has been mentioned in the Shivapuran that making offerings in the form of lotus, Shatapatra, , Shankhapushpi, the leaves of wood apple tree, helps a man in attaining wealth and prosperity. For becoming free from disease, fifty lotus flowers should be offered to the Shivalinga. Mrityunjay-Jap should be chanted for five lac times, for all types of accomplishment. One lac dhatura-fruits should be offered for long life, worldly-pleasure, as well as for attaining salvation.

1.2.17  The Origin of Kailash & VaikunthBrahmaji revealed to Narad how the process of creation commenced-

"After Lord Shiva vanished from our sight, I transformed myself into the appearance of a swan and Vishnuji transformed his appearance into that of a boar with the purpose of commencing the process of creation. First of all, I created the water. I poured a palmful of water into it and an egg manifested which consisted of all the twenty four elements. This egg was very enormous in size which made me confused. I did penance for twelve years. Vishnuji appeared before me. I requested him to bring that egg to consciousness. Vishnuji entered into that egg. As a result of this, Kailash mountain, and all the seven worlds came into existence. After that the static living things were created, which symbolized the dark quality (Tamogun). After that I created four footed animals like cows and Ox etc. inspite of these creations, I was not satisfied, so I again went into meditation.

As a result the deities were created which symbolized the virtuous quality (Satoguna). Once again I meditated and the human species came into existence, which symbolized the medium quality (Rajoguna). With the permission of Lord Shiva, I then created spirits like ghosts etc. After that I created my five Manasputras- Sanak, Sanadan etc. But they were so ascetic and detached from the world that they showed their disinclination in contributing in the process of creation. This made me angry, tears rolled down from my eyes. With the permission of Vishnuji, I did a tremendous penance to have a darshan of lord Shiva.

1.2.18  The Emergence of Rudra-AvatarBrahmaji said to Narad:

"When I accomplished my penance, Lord Shiva manifested in his incarnation of Rudra from in between the eyebrows. Half of his body resembled like that of a woman (Ardhanarishwar). I requested him help me in my creational activities. Rudra created his hosts (Rudragana) who resembled like him. I requested him to create the mortals, to which he laughed and said, that he liberated mortals from their sorrow, so how could he fasten them with bondages. Rudra requested me to create the mortals and then he vanished.

1.2.19  CreationPreaching Narad on the essence of Shivatattva, Brahmaji said-

"With the permission of Shiva, I created the five basic elements from which the matter is made and also all types of arts. I also created the time. Despite all these creations, I was not satisfied. I created sage Marichi from my eyes, Sage Bhrigu from my heart, Sage Angira from my head, Sage Pulaha from my Vyan Vayu, Sage Pulatsya from my Udan Vaya, Sage Vashishth from my Saman Vayu, Sage Kratu from my Apan Vayu, Sage Atri from my ear, Daksha Prajapati from my vital air You (Narad ) manifested from my lap. Sage Kardam and Dharma manifested from my Shadow. Then I divided my body into two parts, and from each of the two parts. Manu and Shatarupa manifested respectively. Both of them got married and in this way commenced the conjugal creation. Priyavrata and Uttanpad were the two sons born to them. Shatarupa also gave birth to three daughters whose names were Aakuti Devahuti and Prasuti. Sage Ruchi was married to Aakuti, Sage Kardam was married to Devahuti and Daksha Prajapati was married to Prasuti. Sage Yagya and Dakshina were born to sage Ruchi and Aakuti."

"Numerous daughters were born to sage Kardam and Devahuti. Similarly twenty-four daughters were born to Daksha and Prasuti. Daksha married thirteen of his dhauthers to Dharma.

The rest of his daughters were married to sages like Pulastya etc. All the three worlds are inhabited by the progenies of these sages. The same Daksha Prajapati had sixty daughters in another Kalpa, who were married to sages like Kashyap. Etc. In this Kalpa, 'Sati was one of his daughters who was married to Lord Shiva. 'Sati' being distressed by the disrespect sown by her father-Daksha, to her husband-Shiva, had given up her life, by jumping into the sacrificial fire. In her next birth she was born as Parvati and was again married to Shiva. This way, I created this world with the permission of Shiva."

1.2.20  Gunanidhi, The Brahmin’s SonNaradji asked lord Brahma, when did lord Shiva make Kailash as his abode and what was the reason of friendship between Shivaji and Kubera. Brahmaji narrated the following story- v There used to live a brahmin by the name Yagyadutt in Kampilyanagar, who was proficient in the performance of Somyagya. He had a son named Gunanidhi. Though he was a scholar but at the same time he was irreligious and kept bad company. He used to indulge in evil activities like gambling.

His father - Yagyadutt was unaware of his evil activities. Whenever he asked his wife about Gunanidhi habits and conduct, his wife used to tell lies and praised the conduct of Gunamidhi. Thus Gunamidhi's condition became worst day by days.

Yagyadutt married Gunanidhi with a girl belonging to a well to do family. But his habits had not changed. His mother tried her best to make him understand, but it was of no avail.

One day Yagyadutt saw, a gambler wearing his ring. He asked him about that ring. The gambler told him that his son - Gunanidhu had lost it to him, in the gamble. He also informed him that he had also lost numerous ornaments and other properties in the gamble.

Yagyadutt became very angry. He married with another woman after abandoning his wife and son.

1.2.21  Gunanidhi’s SalvationWhen Gunadhi came to know about his father's second marriage, he moved to another place, cursing his fate. He kept on walking till he became tired. He sat under a tree and started thinking about his further course of action. He heart was full of remorse and he repented for his past actions. As his mind was engrossed in such kind of thoughts. He saw somw villages going towards temple. They were carrying prasad in their hands.

"Since Gunanidhi was hungry, he followed them and after reaching the temple he sat at the main gate of the temple. IN the night, after the accomplishment of the Pujan, the devotees went to sleep. Gunanidhi entered the premise went to sleep. Gunanidhi entered the premise of the temple. The flame of the lamp was gradually becoming dim as the result of which he could not see properly. He tore some pieces of cloth, he was wearing and made a thick wick and put it in the lamp. Now the light was sufficient to enable him to see whatever had been offered to the deity."

"He carried as much fruits and other eatables as possible and tried to sneak out from the temple. Unfortunately, he dashed against a devotee woke up and chased him shouting thief-thief."

"Hearing his cries all the other devotees woke up and caught Gunanidhi. He was given such a nice thrashing that proved to be fatal and as a result Gunanidhi died."

The Yamadut's arrived to take his soul to yamloka. But right then, the Shivaganas arrived and prevented the Yamadutas from carrying his soul. They informed the Yamdutas that Gunanidhi was entitled for Shivaloka as he had devoutly observed the Shivaratri fast, had listened to the tales of Shiva and lighted up the lamp which was about to go off. The Shivaganas also informed the Yamadutas that, in his next birth Gunamidhi would become the king of Kalinga."

"In this way Gunanidhi attained to Shivaloka. In his next birth he was born as a son of king Arindam- the king of Kalinga. He was named as Dama." "When he was still young, his fatherArindam dies. So Dama succeeded him as the king of Kalinga. He renovated all the Shiva-temple, which came under his jurisdiction and passed a stricture which made the worship of lord Shiva compulsory for all the subjects. By the blessings of lord Shiva, he became the king of Alkapuri and was known as Kubera."

1.2.22  Shiva Blesses Gunanidhi"During the Padma kalpa, Sage Vishrawa was born to sage Pulastya- the manasputra of lord Brahma. Vishrawa's son - Vishrawan ruled over Alkapuri for a long time. This city was constructed by the deity Vishwakarma. Vishrawan was a great devotee of Lord Shiva." "During the kalpa named Meghawahan, Gunanidhi did a tremendous penance for ten lac years. As a result of this penance his body was reduced to skelton."

"Lord Shiva became very pleased with him and appeared before him, accompanied by his consort Parvati. He told Gunanidhi to ask for any boon, which will be fulfilled." "When Gunanidhi heard Shiva's Voice he opened his eyes, but his eyes were dazzled by the sheer radiance of lord Shiva. He requested Shiva to restore the power of sight in his eyes. Shiva blessed him, as a result of which he was now able to see the divine sight of lord Shiva. But he became jealous of Uma, who was present by the side of Shiva. He was wondering as to who was this lady, dearer to Shiva than him. He glanced cruelly towards her. As a result of this his left eye lost the power of sight." "Parvati asked lord Shiva as to why was this sage (Gunanidhi) looking cruelly towards her. Shiva replied- "He is none other than your son. He is looking at you in astonishment as he his bewildered at the feats achieved your penance." "Lord Shiva then blessed Gunanidhi to become the king of the kings. He also assured him that he will always be present in the vicinity of Alkapuri. After being blessed by Shiva, Gunanidhi also made salutations to Parvati.

Parvati said-

"Since you have looked at me angrily your hatred and enemity (Bair) towards me was clearly visible. For this reason you will be known as Kubers." After blessings, Gunanidhi both Shiva and Parvati to a place called Vaishveshwar. Kailash mountain was situated near AlkaNagri.

1.2.23  Shiva goes to KailashWhen Rudra - the Ansha of the Almighty brahma, heard about the tremendous penance, Kubera was doing he started to play his 'damaru' (drum), the sound of which reached all the three worlds. Rudra then reached the place where Kubera was doing penance."

"Hearing the sound of his damaru, all the deities including Brahma, Vishnu and Sadashia appeared before him."

"When Kubera saw lord Rudra before himself, he offered his seat to him and worshipped him. He also worshipped the other deities. Rudra was so pleased with Kubera that he decided to stay near him. He called Vishwakarma and ordered him to conduct his abode at Kailash mountain, so that he could live in could live in the vicinity of his great devotee-Kubera. Kubera constructed a beautiful city as per his instruction. An auspicious moment was chosen and Shiva went to live at Kailash mountain. He was coronated by the deities."

Brahamaji in this way told Narada about Shiva's departure to Kailash mountain.

SATI KHAND

In the Sati Khand of Rudra-Samhita, Narada enquires lord Brahma about the reason, why lord Shiva married Sati, inspite of being a 'yogi'. He also requested Brahmaji to tell, how Sati became the daughter of Daksha Prajapati and in her next birth as Uma the daughter of Himalaya. How did Uma get lord Shiva as her husband?- asked Narada

Lord Brahma narrated the following tale-

"A girl by the name of Sandhya manifested from my being. I was amazed by her heavenly beauty. Right then a divine entity appeared before me, whose beauty could not have been matched even by the deities. He was Kamadeva- the god of love. He influenced me to such an extent that I forgot that Snadhya was my daughter and got infatuated by her."

"When Rudra came to know about my lust for Sandhya, he admonished me and ridiculed about my character. I felt ashamed. But I also became jealous of Rudra. I decided to influence him with the power of infatuation, but I was unsuccessful in my attempts. I remembered lord Vishnu and he tried to make me understand about the futility of my attempts, as according to him (Vishnu), Rudra was beyond the reach of any human emotions."

"But I instructed my son - Daksha to help in the procreation of a girl child from the womb of Ashwinivirini. Thus Sati was born. Sati later on became famous of Uma and got Rudra as her husband on account of her tremendous penance."

"Though Rudra was free from all kinds of attachment, but still he became so influenced by the desire for procreation that he married with Sati. He enjoyed a blissful married life for a very long time."

"Rudra father in law, Daksha in his arrogance started condemning his son in law -Rudra. Once, Daksha organised a grand yagya ceremony. He gave invitation to everybody except Rudra and Uma. Despite of Rudra's disinclination to allow Sati to go to her father's yagya, She insisted and ultimately she was successful in convincing Rudra, to allow her to go."

"When Sati reached there, she was not given respect by her father-Daksha. Not only this, Daksha made fun of Rudra. Feeling dishonoured, Sati gave up her life by jumping into the sacrificial fire."

"When Rudra got the news of Sati's death he became extremely furious. To take revenge, he created Veerbhadra from his locks of hair. Veerbhadra went to Daksha place and destroyed his oblation site. He severed Daksha's head. All the deities became afraid and prayed to Rudra, to have mercy. Rudra then brought back Daksha to life and helped him the accomplished of the still incomplete Yagya. The site where Sati had died later on became famous as Jwalamukhi devi."

"The same Sati in her next birth was born as Parvati to Himalaya. By her tremendous penance she again got lord Shiva as her husband.

After that lord Brahma told Narada about the manifestation of Kama - the god of love.

1.2.24  The Manifestation of ‘Kama’"When I became infatuated by the divine beauty of Sandhya, my infatuation resulted into the manifestation of my another Manas-putra named Kamadeva. His beauty and qualities were incomparable. His manifestation not only inflicted me with lust, but also my other Manasputras became filled up with lust. Kamadeva made salutations to me and asked as to what was his name and purpose of being. I gave him the name 'Pushpavan' and instructed him to help in the process of procreation. I also blessed him that nobody would remain unaffected by his influence including myself and Vishnuji."

1.2.25  Brahma Curses KamadevaAfter being named by lord Brahma as 'Pushpavan', Kamadeva was also given various names as Manmath, Kama, Madan etc by sages like Mareech, etc. They also said to him that he would be married to 'Rati' the daughter of Daksha.

Kamadeva himself was infatuated with the beauty of Sandhya. To test the authenticity of Brahma's boon, Kamadeva took out his five arrows and wanted to examine their power. The names of their arrows were Harshan, Rochan, Mohan, Shoshan and Maran.

These arrows had effect on all the people present there including lord Brahma and Sandhya. Getting affected by those arrows, fourty nine types of thoughts emerged in Brahma's mind. Similarly, flaws were clearly visible in Sandhya's behaviour.

Kamdeva became convinced of his powers and capabilities. But Dharma - the manasputra of Brahma was saddened by this event. He prayed to lord Shiva.

When Lord Shiva saw the condition of Brahmaji, he became amused and made fun of him and his Manasputras. Everybody was ashamed.

Due to his shame, Brahmaji perspired profusely. From his perspiration were created the Pitraganas. Similarly from the perspiration of Daksha Prajapati was created the most beautiful woman-Rati.

Brahmaji was very angry with Kamadeva because of whom he was ridiculed by Shiva. He cursed him and said- "You would be charred to death by the arrow of Shiva."

Kamadeva became very scarred and said that he was only testing the authenticity of his boon and he had no other evil intention. He also requested Brahmaji, not to curse him.

Feeling Pity on him, Brahmaji consoled him that, although he would definitely get killed by the arrow of Shiva's sight, yet he would regain his physical body as soon as Shiva get's married. Lord Brahma then went to Brahmaloka.

1.2.26  Kama Married RatiDaksha requested Kamadeva to get married with his daughter - Rati. Kamadeva was very pleased at this proposal. Both Kamadeva and Rati got married.

1.2.27  Sandhya does PenanceSandhya was very ashamed of herself. For the atonement of her sin she decided to do penance. She went to Chandrabhaga mountain and commenced her tremendous penance.

Lord Brahma then instructed Vashishtha to go to her in disguise and help in getting her initiated. He went to Chandrabhaga mountain in the guise of a brahmin and gave the mantra - OM NAMAH SHANKARAYA OM to her and also told her the methods of doing worship, then he returned back.

1.2.28  Sandhya Receives a Boon from ShivaAfter sage Vashishtha who was disguised as brahmin went away. Sandhayd did penance as per his instructions. After the passing of one Chaturyuga, she had a darshan of lord Shiva.

Shiva being pleased by her devotion asked her to demand anything. Sandhya said-

"Nobody should have lust towards the member of his own clan. There should e no virtuous and chaste woman greater then me in this whole world. Anybody other than my husband who looks at me with evil intentions become an impotent man."

Lord Shiva blessed her by saying-

'DEVAMASTU!'

Mr. Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group has a keen interest Hindu philosphy. Below is one such.





Hindu Scriptures

Nine kinds of Devotions: 1. to Listen, 2. Sing, 3. Worship, 4. Bowing down, 5. Serving, 6. Thinking, 7. Dedication, 8. Humility, 9. Intimacy. 

Nine Kinds of Ego: 1. Possession, 2. Wealth, 3. Singing hymns, 4. Knowledge, 5. Education, 6. Beauty, 7. Youth, 8. Family lineage, 9. Cast or sect 

Five Koshas or Coverings:
1. Annamaya, (Gross physicals body made of and sustained by food),
2. Pranamaya (vital covering consisting of five Praanaas or vital force),
3. Manomaya (mental cover), 4. Vigyaanmaya (cover of intelligence),
5. Anandamaya (cover of bliss).

Five Enemies: 1. Lust, 2. Anger, 3. Greed, 4. Attachment & Jealousy, 5. Ego. 

Three Stages of Life: 1. Childhood, 2.Young, 3. Old.

Three Gurus: 1. Mother, 2. Father, 3.Teacher. 

Five Gods in Sanatan: 1. Vishnu, 2. Sun, 3. Shakti, 4. Shiva, 5. Ganesh.
They represent: Aakashasya patir Vishnu, Agneshcheva maheshwaro, Waayaoh Suryaoh Kshiteresho Jeevanasya Ganaadhipa. Vishnu is the Lord of space and sky, Sun of air, Shiva of fire, Durga of Earth and Ganesha is the Lord of water. 

Five Great Elements: 1. Earth (soil), 2. Air, 3. Water, 4. Space, 5. Fire 

Three Gunas: Satwa (Purity), Rajas (Luxury), Tamas (ignorance) 

Three Types of Karma:
1. Prarabdha (that which was seeded in the last life and received in this life)
2. Sanchit (that which we do in this life and receive the fruit in this life),
3. Kriyamaan (that we do in this life and get the result in the next life). 

Eighty-four Lakh Species: (8.4 million species): 0.9 million in Water, 2.7 million nonmoving, 1 Million worms, 1 million Birds, 2.3 million Animals, 4 million Human species including ape and monkeys. 

Four kinds of ways to make one understand: 1. By teaching, 2. By Penalty, 3. By giving physical and mental pain, 4. By lifelong punishment. 

Four Social and Spiritual orders: Brahman, 2. Kshatriya, 3.Vaishya, 4.Shudra 

One hundred and eight beads of Mala:
21,600 breaths are divided by two (one half for night, Remaining 10,800 is divided by 100. Some of the Acharyas have set the system that a sanyasi must chant the name of god 10,800 times a day. The figure of 108 is sometimes used in front of the name of a holy or highly respected person who's connected with god. This results in a person who follows the law of repeating the Lord's name with half of his life's breaths.

108:
108 is considered a holy number because there are 27 Nakshatra, each of them has letter for choosing the name of the time. The cycle of time is divided into12 Rashies. Time itself is God. Each and every second, whatever is being produced in this world is because of God. In numerology 108 is 9, number which represents God, complete perfection.

Five kinds of Yagyaas:
1. Education of holy scripture and to support educator and educatee is called (Brahmayagrya)
2. Offering something in the name of ancestors is called Pitrayagya,
3. Puja and Havan is called Devayagya,
4. Feeding creatures is Bhootyagya.
5. Feeding and serving anyone in need is called Arthithis Yagya. (i) Brahmacharya (following the rule of strict celibacy of the mind and body and having a student life, learning basic things from mother, social and survival things from father, spiritual things from teacher up-to the age of 25 years. (ii) Grashsatha (iii) Vanprastha: (iv) Sanyaas

Main source of Dharmashastra: 1. Gautama, 2. Boudhayana, 3. Apastamba, 4. Hiranyakeshi, 5. Bashistha, 6. Bishnau dharma, 7. Harita, 8. ShankhaLikhita, 9. Koutilya Baikhanasa, 10. Brahaspati, 11. Manusmriti. 

The two epics (AD. 7th century):
The Mahabharat written by Vyas contains one hundred thousand verses. It is one of the main scriptures which establishes the rule of life. Mahabharat tells one main thing "Do Your duty". The Bhagwad Gita itself is taken from this scripture. Another great epic is the Ramayana. Written by Valmiki it contains twenty four thousand verses and also sets forth the rules of life. Other Ramayanas are; Sambritta ramayan, Aagastya Ramayan, Lomash Ramayan, Manjul Ramayan, Soupadhya Ramayan, Ramayan Mahamala, Souhaardra Ramayan, Ramayani Maniratna, Chaandra Ramayan, Maind Ramayana, Swaayambhuva Ramayan, Subhramha Ramayana, Subarchas Ramayan, Deva Ramayan, Shravan ramayan, Udanta Ramayan, Ramayan Champoo, Bhattikavyam, and Ramcharit Manas. 

Smrities: 1. Yagnavalkya Smriti, 2. Parasar Smriti, 3. Narad Smriti 4. Brahaspati Smriti. 

Four Vedas: 1. Rig, 2. Yajur, 3. SaaM, 4. Atharv 

Up-Vedas:
Vaishampayan Dhanurveda (weaponology), Ayruved (Herbal medicine), Aasthavangani (surgery and eight other ways of treatment), Aswinikumar Sanhita (Medicine), Brahatsanhitaa (treating the ill), Pushkal Sanhita (reason of getting sick of ill), Dhanwantari Sutra, Maan Sutra soop Shastram, Jabali Sutra. Banaspati, Nighantu, Arth Shastra (economics), Sampatti Shastram (politics and business), Vyakaran (grammar), Samved (music), Gandharvaved (dance, tune and beats), Gyan kanda (philosophical knowledge), jyotish Shastra (astronomy and astrology ) and prayer etc. 

Sapt-Shatu: (Seven tissues) Plasma, Blood, Muscle, Fat, Bone, Marrow, and Nerve. 

Three Doshas: Bat (cold), Pitt (temperature), Kaph (abdominal upsetting). 

Six-Ras: (Six Tastes) Sweet, Salty, Sour, Pungent, Bitter, and Astringent. 

Main Devataas:
Indra (Kind of Devas), Kuber (Treasurer of Devas), Yamaraaj (God of Death), Chitragupta (secretary of Yamaraaj), Agni (fire), Marut (49 living pieces of Diti's son in the form of air), Aryama (god ancestors), Pusha (God of animals), Ashwini Kumaar (god of herbal medicine), Chandra (goddess of mind), Brahaspati (teacher of Devas), Kartikeya (son of Shiva), Kaamdev (god of lust), prajapati ( son of Brahma and birth giver), Shukra (God of Virtuous and Bhrigythe great astronomer), Bishwakrma (god of construction and manufacturing), Muya (King of demons).

Main Rishies:
Naarad (Devoted mind) Bashisth (Priest of Suryayans), Manu (creator oh human beings through his mind), Bishwamitra (Became Brahman in the same life through his penance), Dadhichi (sacrificer of body for other's others), Valmiki (Chanting Ram ram became the author of Ramayana), Markandeya (knower of end and beginning of era), Mudgal (respecting the teacher) Shukedeva (the great preacher). 

The Holy and Devine Godesses: Sita (Avatar of Bhagawati), Sati Damayanti (the most holy and powerful Devi).

People who bought Revolution in Sanatan:
Shree Shankaraccharya, Kumaril Bhatt, Sri Madhwacharya (1238), ShreeNimbarkacharya, Shree Ballabhacharya, Shree Ramanandacharya, Shree Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Shree kanthacharya, Shree Abhinavaguptacharya, Shree Bhaskaracharya, Sant Tukaramji (1608), Samarth Ramdas Swami (17th century), Sant Gyaneshwar Ji, Guru Nanak Dev ji(1469), Surdas Ji, Tulasi das Ji, (16th Cen.), Narasi Mehta, Swami DayanandSaraswati(1876-), Ramkrishna Paramhansa(1836).

Karmakand: Rishies set fort the system of Rituals, known as Brahmanas. The main Brahmanas are: 1. Aitareya 2. Satpatha, 3. Kaushataki, 4. Taitiriya, 5. Chandogya 

Seven Holy Cities: Ayodhya, Haridwaar, Mathura, Kashi, Kanchipur, Puri, Dwarika. 

Sapt-Rishi: 1. Vashistha2. Atri 3. Kashyap 4. Vishwamitra 5. Bharadwaj 6. Jamadagni 7. Goutam.

Six Main Philosophies:
1. Uttar Mimansa of Byas (vedant) a science of matter and energy, science of
2. Purv Mimansa of Jaimini, science of rituals to enhance or protect great teachings.
3. Sankhya, of Kapil, Purush and Prakriti, changes in matter, reality of eternal soul.
4. Yoga, of Patanjali, unity with god through physical and mental practices.
5. Nyaaya, of Gautam, law of Karma and judgment with logical facts,
6. Baisheshik: of kand, elements of the universe.

Advait: Advait Philosophy of Shankaracharya: advaita means non-dulaism. This philosophy believes that God is absolute reality and that which inanimates or animates is unreal of maya. Soul is identical with Brahm. 

Dvait: Dvait philosophy of Madhavacharya is a philosophy of two. Brahm and Jeev are related to each other. Creation is real act of Brahm. 

Dvaita-Advait: of Nimbark explains about Natural dualism and non dualism. 

Vishishthadvait: This philosophy of Ramanujacharya means qualified non-dualism. Brahm is the only independent and absolute reality. Atama is not identical with Brahm but, He can be pleased by devotion.

Four houses of Shankaracharya: 1. Puri(East), 2. Dwarika(west) 3. Badrinath(North) 4. Shringeri(south).

Eight kind of Siddhies: 1. Anima 2. Garima 3. Laghima 4. Mahima 5. Praapti 6. Praakamya 7. Ishitwa 8. Bashitwa.

Vikramaditya Year: Vikram Samvat; begun in year 57 BC 

Shalivaahan Year: Indian National Calendar; begun in year 78 AD

Ritu: A season, among six, each lasting for 2 months

Chandra Maas: The lunar month of the Hindu calendar, lasting 28 days 

Saur Maas: Solar month lasting 30 days

Amavasya: Day of the no moon 

Purnima: Day of the full moon 

Ekadashi: Eleventh day of waxing or waning; a day of fasting 

Chaturthi: Fourth day after the full moon; also a day of fasting 

Kaliyug: An era of 432,000 years

Dwaapar: An era that lasts for 864,000 years

Treta: Era of 1,296,000 years

Satyug: Era of 1,728,000 years

Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group, Delhi has initiated a campaign in India to end the gender-selective abortion of female fetuses, which has skewed the population towards a significant under-representation of girls in some Indian states

Female foeticide has led to a sharp drop in the ratio of girls born in contrast to boy infants in some states in India. Ultrasound technology has made it possible for pregnant women and their families to learn the gender of a foetus early in a pregnancy. Discrimination against girl infants, for several reasons, has combined with the technology to result in a rise in abortions of fetuses identified as female during ultrasound testing.

Volunteers are welcome.

Harshavardhan Reddy, Chairman, Aura Group, Delhi works to reform government schools by leveraging existing community and government resources. Along with education, the save and relief foundation focuses on improving school infrastructure for girls, bringing about community ownership and advocating girl leadership.

Door-to-door surveys will be conducted to identify all out of school girls in the village. The surveys are conducted by field staff, village representatives and community volunteers.